JV, the Norwegian NMI, piloted the re-introduction of silicon photodiodes as primary standards more than 20 years ago
in a series of PhDs, Nordic funded projects and projects like iMERA+ T1.J2.3 qu Candela, EMRP SIB57 NewStar and EMPIR 18SIB10
chipS·CALe. JV has gained specific knowledge of semiconductor physics in general and photodiodes specifically and has years
of experience with 3D software tools. JV has demonstrated and remarkably improved dual-mode operation of photodiodes even at
room temperature. JV had previously chaired the EURAMET Technical Committee of Photometry and Radiometry (2015 – 2017), is the
convenor for strategic planning within “SI” for the TC-PR, is the EMN-Q contact person to Photonics21 and will coordinate this project and lead WP1.
Metrology Research Institute of Aalto University brings expertise in detector characterisations, and in particular the accumulated expertise gained in the iMERA-Plus T1.J2.3 qu-Candela,
EMRP SIB57 NEWSTAR, and EMPIR 18SIB10 chipS·CALe projects to the project. Aalto University is in a good position to undertake the necessary research and engineering to develop
the already successful PQEDs towards lower measurement uncertainty in the UV and NIR wavelength ranges. The group will also use its capacity in developing electronics and
semiconductor modelling as benchmarking. Since 1997 Aalto has maintained the Thematic Network for UV Measurements
(http://metrology.hut.fi/uvnet/index.htm) including work on UV detectors. Aalto will lead WP5 Creating Impact.
CMI is the national metrology institute of Czech Republic and has well established technical and theoretical expertise in measuring the internal quantum
efficiency of PQED detectors with its current primary absolute cryogenic radiometer. CMI’s expertise will be concentrated in the characterisation and validation
of PQED against cryogenic primary radiometric standards in WP1, WP2 and WP4. CMI has extensive knowledge and experience in high accuracy measurements with the
cryogenic absolute radiometer. CMI has developed methodologies and know how on characterisation and utilisation of PQEDs since 2011.
CSIC is the designated institute in Spain for optical radiation measurements standards. It has developed primary standards based on radiometers,
particularly silicon radiometers. It has experience on modelling silicon detector response and on its experimental characterisation from EMRP SIB57 NEWSTAR.
CSIC has a wide experience in optical fibre metrology. CSIC chairs the EURAMET TC-PR and is member of CCPR. CSIC is participating in the CCPR-KC2.b, spectral
responsivity from 300 nm to 1000 nm. CSIC will contribute to WP1, WP2 and WP4, besides contributing to diffusion of results and management of this project.
INRiM is the national metrology institute of Italy; it was seminal in the design of PQEDs as developed in the iMERA+ T1.J2.3 qu-Candela, EMRP SIB57
Newstar and EMPIR 18SIB10 ChipS·CALe projects. INRIM participates in this project with the expertise in developing and characterising light detectors. INRIM’s
specific skills in ellipsometry will be applied for the optical material characterisation in WP1. The experience with ray tracing software will be applied in WP2
for the coupling design of a divergent beam with a PQED trap structure for fibre optics application, while the electronic design skills and previous experience
with dual-mode detector (DMD) will be applied in WP4 for the characterisation and validation of DMD.
Metrosert is the National Metrology Institute of Estonia and has participated in previous iMERA+, EMRP and EMPIR projects related to the development of standard
detectors based on silicon photodiodes for optical radiometry (e.g. T1.J2.3 qu-Candela, SIB57 NEWSTAR and 18SIB10 chipS·CALe). Metrosert has skills in designing and manufacturing
of special types of photodetectors implementing commercially available photodiodes, which was successfully implemented in the 18SIB10 chipS∙CALe project. Metrosert is particularly
interested in the development of fibre-coupled PQED and modelling of quantum gain of silicon in the UV spectral range. Metrosert mainly contributes to WP1, WP2 and WP4.
PTB is the German national metrology institute offering measurements and calibrations at the highest metrological level in science and technology. PTB operates cryogenic
radiometers as primary standards for radiometric measurements and has demonstrated achieving the lowest uncertainties when measuring the spectral responsivity of high-quality detectors
using laser radiation. PTB was a leading participant in the iMERA+ qu Candela project and led WP2 in the EMRP SIB57 NEWSTAR project and WP1 in the EMPIR 18SIB10 chipS·CALe project.
PTB will investigate the quantum yield in WP1 and validate the spectral responsivity predictions in the extended spectral range from 200 nm to 1050 nm in WP4. PTB will lead WP4.
RISE is the national metrology institute of Sweden and has long experience of detector calibrations at the highest level using a primary absolute cryogenic radiometer.
Following a recent upgrade of the cryogenic radiometer system with a tuneable Ti:Sapphire laser from 350 nm – 1050 nm, in this project RISE will mainly contribute with PQED responsivity
characterisations over a wide wavelength range in WP1 and WP4. In addition, RISE’s expertise in power meter calibrations will be utilised in WP2 related to the practical applications of the PQEDs
TÜBITAK is the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. The national metrology institute of Turkey, operating under TUBITAK, has been working on development
of national measurements standards in accordance with the SI Units. In this project TUBITAK will contribute to WP1 and WP4 to validate models and new experimental techniques with their cryogenic radiometer.
IFE has since 1948 been a frontrunner in international energy research. IFE has contributed to the development of ground-breaking cancer medicine, improved nuclear safety, new solutions in
renewable energy, more energy-efficient industrial processes, zero-emission transport solutions, and future-oriented energy systems. IFE has extensive infrastructure and full-scale laboratories where
theoretical models are transformed into commercial activities. IFE has unique expertise and systems within radiation protection and environmental monitoring of radioactive and chemical emissions.
IFE has broad digital expertise and contributes to quality assurance and efficiency improvements for customers in the public sector and in trade and industry. IFE contributes to WP3 concerning the
development of photodiodes with improved UV stability and responsivity.
USN is Norway’s second largest state-owned university college with 19 500 students, 1500 academic and administrative staff spread over 8 campuses. The Department of Microsystems (IMS)
is located in Vestfold county, and conducts research activities focusing on microfabrication, electronic packaging and interconnection technologies. USN has previously participated in several EMRP
and EMPIR projects, including 18SIB10 chipS·CALe. USN’s infrastructure includes a class 1000 cleanroom (400 m2), fully equipped photolithography line, bulk wet and dry (RIE) etching, annealing, metal
sputtering/evaporation, bonding, wire bonders, flip chip bonders and characterisation tools. USN will contribute to WP2, WP3 and WP4.
SINTEF is one of Europe’s largest independent research organisations with about 2000 employees carrying out R&D over a wide spectrum of fields including materials,
micro/nanotechnology, and sensors. They have a complete silicon processing line (SINTEF MiNaLab) with state-of-the-art production equipment for thermal processes, thin film deposition,
lithography, wet and dry etching, bonding, packaging, and characterisation. The general cleanroom area is of class 1000 and mini environments for sensitive processes are of class 10.
SINTEF MiNaLab carries out research, prototyping and small-scale production mostly on silicon sensors and actuators. SINTEF led WP2 in the EMPIR 18SIB10 chipS·CALe project and successfully
manufactured the photodiodes developed in that work package. SINTEF will lead WP3 and develop and manufacture photodiodes with improved performance and UV-stability for the 200 nm to 400 nm spectral range.
LMT as a manufacturer of light measurement devices has experience with the development and commercialisation of high-end photometric and colorimetric measurement instruments.
LMT will contribute to the evaluation of the power meter in WP2 for use in commercially available instruments and the necessary steps to gain market acceptance.
SFI Davos the “Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos und Weltstrahlungszentrum” (PMOD/WRC) is a division of the Schweizerisches Forschungsinstitut für Hochgebirgsklima
und Medizin Davos (SFI Davos). The SFI Davos (PMOD/WRC) is a designated institute for solar irradiance and is a participant of the CIPM-MRA. It is mandated by the WMO to operate the World
Calibration Center for UV (WCC-UV) as one section of the World Radiation Center of the WMO. SFI Davos participates in the project as an Associated Partner associated to all internal beneficiaries.
